Can a noncitizen be drafted or counted in a census?
Two responsibilities of citizenship are to defend the country and to be counted in the federal census conducted every ten years. During World War I, members of several Virginia tribes refused to enter the armed services when drafted, asserting that because Indians were not American citizens they could not be conscripted. When a court confirmed that they were not citizens, they volunteered.
That was the law. Was it justice?
Related Links:
Indian Citizenship Act of 1924

The Virginia Board decided that because members of the Pamunkey Indian tribe had never been allowed to vote, they were not considered citizens of the United States and thus could not be subject to the draft.

Residents of the Mattaponi Indian Reservation argued that because they were wards of the state, they should not be counted in the census.